加密:hashlib
hashlib模块用于加密的相关操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供SHA1,SHA224,SHA256,SHA384,SHA512,MD5算法
import hashlib# ############ md5 ################hash = hashlib.md5()hash.update(bytes('123456', encoding='utf-8')) #将字节用md5加密print(hash.hexdigest()) #得到加密后的密文print(hash.digest())# ############ sha1 ################hash = hashlib.sha1()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ############ sha256 ################hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ############ sha384 ################hash = hashlib.sha384()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ############ sha512 ################hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest()) 以上加密算法不可逆,但是可以通过撞库的方式反解,所以需要对加密算法自定义key再加密.
# ############ md5(加盐) ################SALT = b'159654'def md5(pwd): #实例化对象 obj = hashlib.md5(SALT) #写入要加密的字节 obj.update(pwd.encode('utf-8')) #获取密文 return obj.hexdigest()user = input('请输入用户名:')pwd = input('请输入密码:')#此处测试,将用户名设置为admin,密码为123456,实际使用中一定不要用弱口令if user == 'admin' and md5(pwd) == 'd849b096e540f82f95556811f5743a74': #此密文为123456加盐后的密文 print('登录成功')else: print('登录失败')# ############ md5(加盐) ################SALT = b'159654'hash = hashlib.md5(SALT)hash.update(bytes('123456', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest()) python内部还内置hmac模块.hmac模块内部会对我们创建的key和内容进行进一步的处理然后再加密.
import hmach = hmac.new(bytes('159654', encoding='utf-8'))h.update(bytes('123456', encoding='utf-8'))print(h.hexdigest()) 日志:logging
logging模块用于编写记录日志并且线程安全的模块
单日志文件:
import logginglogging.basicConfig(filename='log.txt', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p', level=10)logging.debug('debug')logging.info('info')logging.warning('warning')logging.error('error')logging.critical('critical')logging.log(10, 'log') CRITICAL = 50FATAL = CRITICALERROR = 40WARNING = 30WARN = WARNINGINFO = 20DEBUG = 10NOTSET = 0
只有当前等级大于等于日志等级时,日志文件才会记录.
上面的方法,只能将日志文件记录在单文件中,想要设置多个日志文件,logging.basicConfig无法完成,需要自定义文件和日志操作对象.
多日志文件:
#定义文件file_1 = logging.FileHandler('file_1.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8')fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(module)s: %(message)s')file_1.setFormatter(fmt)file_2 = logging.FileHandler('file_2.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8')fmt = logging.Formatter()file_2.setFormatter(fmt)#定义日志logger1 = logging.Logger('log1', level=logging.ERROR)logger1.addHandler(file_1)logger1.addFilter(file_2)#写日志logger1.critical('123456') #定义文件file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('12_1.log', 'a')fmt = logging.Formatter()file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt)#定义日志logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO)logger2.addFilter(file_2_1) 使用logger1写日志文件时,会将相应的内容写入file_1.log和file_2.log文件中
使用logger2写日志文件时,会将相应的内容写入l2_1.log文件中
约束
通过主动抛异常约束,必须实现某功能
class BaseMessage(object): def send(self, x1): ''' 必须继承BaseMessage,然后其中必须编写send方法,用于完成具体的功能 ''' raise NotImplementedError('send()必须被重新编写')class Email(BaseMessage): def send(self, x1): '''必须继承BaseMessage,然后其中编写send方法,用于完成具体的功能''' passobj = Email()obj.send(1) 如果派生类没有对基类方法进行重新编写,就会抛异常.
还可以通过抽象类和抽象方法进行约束
from abc import ABCMeta,abstractmethodclass Base(metaclass=ABCMeta): #抽象类 def f1(self): print(123) @abstractmethod def f2(self): #抽象方法 passclass Foo(Base): def f2(self): print(666)obj = Foo()obj.f2()
自定义异常:
#自定义异常class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self, code, msg): self.code = code self.msg = msgtry: raise MyException(1000, '操作异常')except KeyError as obj: print(obj, 1111)except MyException as obj: print(obj, 2222)except Exception as obj: print(obj, 3333)#自定义异常class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self, code, msg): self.code = code self.msg = msgtry: raise MyException(1000, '操作异常')except MyException as obj: print(obj.code, obj.msg)